{
 "schema": "rutanamex.state.v1",
 "company": "CONSULTING (Rutanamex)",
 "built_by": "261103 COS120B",
 "checked": "2026-11-03",
 "code": "06",
 "iso": "MX-COL",
 "slug": "colima",
 "name": {
  "en": "Colima",
  "es": "Colima"
 },
 "capital": "Colima",
 "accent": "#7BD389",
 "corridor": {
  "chapter": 17,
  "en": "The West",
  "es": "El Occidente",
  "with": [
   "MX-JAL",
   "MX-MIC",
   "MX-NAY",
   "MX-SIN"
  ],
  "colour": "#7BD389",
  "book": {
   "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, chapter 17",
   "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México (capítulo 17)"
  }
 },
 "tagline": {
  "en": "Cacao was one of the first crops the Spanish introduced to Colima in the 16th century, followed by coconut, sugar cane and cotton.",
  "es": "La palma de coco es uno de los principales símbolos colimenses: de su flor el tubero extrae la tuba, oficio originario de Filipinas que en México es colimense."
 },
 "read": {
  "en": "Colima suits an importer moving Asian components inland through Manzanillo, with any structure built to seismic zone D, but it lacks the labor market behind Guadalajara.",
  "es": "Colima le conviene a un importador que mueve componentes asiáticos tierra adentro por Manzanillo, con cualquier estructura construida para la zona sísmica D, pero le falta el mercado laboral que tiene Guadalajara detrás."
 },
 "figures": [
  {
   "key": "population",
   "value": 758987,
   "unit": "people in private dwellings",
   "period": "2025",
   "src": "eic2025"
  },
  {
   "key": "median_age",
   "value": 33.0,
   "unit": "years",
   "period": "2025",
   "src": "eic2025"
  },
  {
   "key": "gdp_share",
   "value": 0.64,
   "unit": "% of national output",
   "period": "2024",
   "src": "pibe",
   "derived": true
  },
  {
   "key": "exports_2025",
   "value": 1915.8,
   "unit": "million US$",
   "period": "2025",
   "src": "etef2025",
   "derived": true
  },
  {
   "key": "formal_jobs",
   "value": 158302,
   "unit": "private formal jobs",
   "period": "2026-07",
   "src": "lokus",
   "change_pct": 2.4
  },
  {
   "key": "informality",
   "value": 46.2,
   "unit": "% of the employed",
   "period": "Q2 2026",
   "src": "enoe",
   "national": 55.1
  },
  {
   "key": "area_km2",
   "value": 5626.9,
   "unit": "km2",
   "period": "2016",
   "src": "wiki_area"
  },
  {
   "key": "unemployment",
   "value": 1.6,
   "period": "Q2 2026",
   "src": "enoe",
   "national": 2.7
  },
  {
   "key": "daily_wage",
   "value": 604.54,
   "period": "2026-07",
   "src": "lokus",
   "national": 673.9,
   "rank": 17,
   "unit": "pesos a day"
  },
  {
   "key": "exports_q2_2026",
   "value": 767.8,
   "period": "Q2 2026",
   "src": "etef609",
   "national": 195260.7,
   "change_pct": 60.4,
   "unit": "million US$"
  },
  {
   "key": "fdi_2025",
   "value": 252.9,
   "period": "2025",
   "src": "se_rnie",
   "national": 40870.8,
   "unit": "million US$"
  },
  {
   "key": "imco_rank",
   "value": 20,
   "period": "2026",
   "src": "imco",
   "rank": 20
  },
  {
   "key": "payroll_tax",
   "value": 3.0,
   "period": "2026",
   "src": "payroll",
   "unit": "% of payroll"
  },
  {
   "key": "mpi_rank",
   "value": 32,
   "period": "2026",
   "src": "peace",
   "rank": 32
  },
  {
   "key": "advisory_level",
   "value": 4,
   "period": "2026-05",
   "src": "peace"
  },
  {
   "key": "business_crime",
   "value": 2720,
   "period": "2023",
   "src": "enve",
   "national": 2722
  },
  {
   "key": "activity_q1_2026",
   "value": 3.8,
   "unit": "% change on a year",
   "period": "Q1 2026",
   "src": "itaee"
  }
 ],
 "sectors": {
  "period": "2024",
  "src": "pibe_state",
  "parts": [
   {
    "en": "Services",
    "es": "Servicios",
    "pct": 67.7,
    "growth": 3.0
   },
   {
    "en": "Industry: manufacturing, construction, energy, mining",
    "es": "Industria: manufactura, construcción, energía, minería",
    "pct": 21.7,
    "growth": 1.2
   },
   {
    "en": "Agriculture, livestock, fishing",
    "es": "Agricultura, ganadería, pesca",
    "pct": 6.1,
    "growth": 1.9
   },
   {
    "en": "Taxes on products, net",
    "es": "Impuestos netos a los productos",
    "pct": 4.5,
    "derived": true
   }
  ]
 },
 "places": [
  {
   "kind": "city",
   "name": "Colima",
   "lat": 19.24167,
   "lon": -103.72806,
   "es_name": "Colima",
   "en": "The capital: 146,965 people (2020)",
   "es": "La capital: 146,965 habitantes (2020)",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico"
  },
  {
   "kind": "city",
   "name": "Manzanillo",
   "lat": 19.05222,
   "lon": -104.31583,
   "es_name": "Manzanillo",
   "en": "City: 159,853 people (2020)",
   "es": "Ciudad: 159,853 habitantes (2020)",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico"
  },
  {
   "kind": "city",
   "name": "Villa de Álvarez",
   "lat": 19.26389,
   "lon": -103.73694,
   "es_name": "Villa de Álvarez",
   "en": "City: 147,496 people (2020)",
   "es": "Ciudad: 147,496 habitantes (2020)",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico"
  },
  {
   "kind": "airport",
   "name": "Licenciado Miguel de la Madrid Airport",
   "es_name": "Licenciado Miguel de la Madrid Airport",
   "code": "CLQ",
   "lat": 19.27694,
   "lon": -103.57722,
   "en": "International airport (CLQ) · 250,146 passengers in 2025",
   "es": "Aeropuerto internacional (CLQ) · 250,146 pasajeros en 2025",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima_Airport"
  },
  {
   "kind": "airport",
   "name": "Playa de Oro International Airport",
   "es_name": "Aeropuerto Internacional Playa de Oro",
   "code": "ZLO",
   "lat": 19.14472,
   "lon": -104.55861,
   "en": "International airport (ZLO) · 228,999 passengers in 2025",
   "es": "Aeropuerto internacional (ZLO) · 228,999 pasajeros en 2025",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_de_Oro_International_Airport"
  },
  {
   "kind": "port",
   "name": "Port of Manzanillo",
   "es_name": "Puerto de Manzanillo",
   "lat": 19.05,
   "lon": -104.32,
   "en": "Commercial seaport",
   "es": "Puerto marítimo comercial",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Manzanillo"
  },
  {
   "kind": "rail",
   "name": "Ferromex (with Ferrosur; 12,100 km combined)",
   "en": "Rail line serving the state",
   "es": "Línea de ferrocarril que sirve al estado",
   "src": "wiki_places",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromex"
  },
  {
   "kind": "power",
   "name": "Power and water",
   "es_name": "Electricidad y agua",
   "en": "An analyst tied June 2026 outages here to distribution, not generation. In September 2025, CONAGUA said a new aqueduct will carry 800 liters per second for 238,000 residents by early 2027.",
   "es": "Un analista atribuyó los cortes de junio de 2026 aquí a la distribución, no a la generación. La CONAGUA dijo en septiembre de 2025 que un nuevo acueducto llevará 800 litros por segundo a 238,000 habitantes para principios de 2027.",
   "src": "b6p5"
  },
  {
   "kind": "logistics",
   "name": "Logistics and crossings",
   "es_name": "Logística y cruces",
   "en": "Manzanillo, the largest container port, moved 3,893,357 TEU in 2025, about 0.8% fewer than in 2024 (port authority).",
   "es": "Manzanillo, el mayor puerto de contenedores, movió 3,893,357 TEU en 2025, cerca de 0.8% menos que en 2024 (administración portuaria).",
   "src": "b6p5"
  },
  {
   "kind": "park",
   "name": "Development pole",
   "es_name": "Polo de desarrollo",
   "en": "No federal development pole has been declared here.",
   "es": "Aquí no se ha declarado ningún polo de desarrollo federal.",
   "src": "b6p5"
  }
 ],
 "investors": [],
 "text": {
  "identity": {
   "en": "Cacao was one of the first crops the Spanish introduced to Colima in the 16th century, followed by coconut, sugar cane and cotton. In 1919 a cooperative received exclusive rights to extract salt from the Cuyutlán lagoon. Rail service between Colima city and the port of Manzanillo began in 1889. In the 1940s the Tecomán Valley was put under intensive cultivation, with limes as its principal crop, and Tecomán lime juice is still the base of local ceviche. Peña Colorada is the largest iron deposit in the country. The coconut palm is a state symbol, and tuba, a drink tapped from its flowers, came from the Philippines. The 2020 census counted 731,391 residents. The University of Colima was founded on 16 September 1940 as the Universidad Popular de Colima.",
   "es": "La palma de coco es uno de los principales símbolos colimenses: de su flor el tubero extrae la tuba, oficio originario de Filipinas que en México es colimense. El cacao fue de los primeros cultivos que introdujeron los españoles en el siglo XVI, seguido del coco, la caña de azúcar y el algodón. En 1919 se creó una cooperativa con el derecho exclusivo de extraer sal de la laguna de Cuyutlán. Desde 1889 el tren une la capital con Manzanillo, y en los años cuarenta el valle de Tecomán se volcó al cultivo del limón. Peña Colorada es el mayor yacimiento de hierro del país. El censo de 2020 contó 731,391 habitantes. La Universidad de Colima nació como Universidad Popular de Colima el 16 de septiembre de 1940."
  },
  "industry": {
   "en": "Containers come ashore here; little is made for export. INEGI’s state indicator found activity 3.8% larger in the first quarter of 2026 than a year earlier, third-fastest of the 32.",
   "es": "Aquí desembarcan los contenedores; se fabrica poco para exportar. El indicador estatal del INEGI encontró la actividad 3.8% mayor en el primer trimestre de 2026 que un año antes, la tercera más rápida de las 32."
  },
  "people": {
   "en": "Colima posted 1.6% unemployment in the second quarter of 2026 (INEGI), versus 2.7% nationally; informality was 46.2% versus 55.1%. Lokus Data’s IMSS series showed 158,302 formal jobs in July 2026, up 2.4% in a year.",
   "es": "Colima registró 1.6% de desempleo en el segundo trimestre de 2026 (INEGI), frente a 2.7 nacional; la informalidad fue de 46.2% frente a 55.1. La serie del IMSS de Lokus Data mostró 158,302 empleos formales en julio de 2026, 2.4% más en un año."
  },
  "wages": {
   "en": "Colima’s average daily IMSS contribution wage was 604.54 pesos in July 2026, ranking seventeenth of the 32, below the national average of 673.9.",
   "es": "El salario base de cotización promedio diario del IMSS de Colima, 604.54 pesos en julio de 2026, quedó en el lugar 17 de los 32, frente a 673.9 nacional."
  },
  "security": {
   "en": "INEGI counted 2,720 businesses victimized per 10,000 in 2023, level with the national average of 2,722. The Mexico Peace Index 2026 ranks Colima last of 32, and the USA advisory of May 29, 2026, sets Level 4, don’t travel.",
   "es": "El INEGI contó 2,720 unidades económicas víctimas de delito por cada 10,000 en 2023, a la par de los 2,722 nacionales. El Índice de Paz México 2026 coloca a Colima en el último lugar de 32, y la alerta de viaje de Estados Unidos del 29 de mayo de 2026 le asigna el nivel 4, no viajar."
  },
  "government": {
   "en": "The payroll tax rose from 2% to 3% for 2026 (BHR). The World Bank ranked Colima first of 32 on construction permits in 2016. A governor is elected June 6, 2027.",
   "es": "El impuesto sobre nóminas subió de 2 a 3% para 2026 (BHR). El Banco Mundial colocó a Colima en primer lugar de 32 en permisos de construcción en 2016. Se elige gobernador el 6 de junio de 2027."
  },
  "suits": {
   "en": "The ports suit importers and companies moving Asian components inland, and Lázaro Cárdenas suits a shipper bound for the Bajío or Laredo by rail; neither Colima nor coastal Michoacán carries Guadalajara’s labor market behind it.",
   "es": "Los puertos les convienen a los importadores y a las empresas que meten componentes asiáticos al interior, y Lázaro Cárdenas le conviene a quien embarca por tren hacia el Bajío o Laredo; ni Colima ni la costa de Michoacán tienen detrás el mercado laboral de Guadalajara."
  },
  "check": {
   "en": [
    "Start with power: ask CFE in writing what it can connect at the candidate park and when, and ask whether the park self-supplies.",
    "Confirm that the developer is certified under the April 2026 agreement and that the site sits in one of the 8 municipalities.",
    "Get the latest vacancy figure for the submarket from at least 2 brokers, because published figures vary from 1.2% to 6.0% within a year.",
    "Choose the port and the route before the site, and check the security of the highway the trucks will use, not the state average.",
    "In Colima and on the coast, have the structure checked against zone D.",
    "For Michoacán and Sinaloa, ask IMSS for the series in the municipality itself, because state totals are moving."
   ],
   "es": [
    "Sea una empresa mexicana que abre su segunda planta o una que llega de fuera, empiece por la electricidad: pregúntele a la CFE por escrito qué puede conectar en el parque candidato y cuándo, y pregunte si el parque se autoabastece.",
    "Confirme que el desarrollador esté certificado con el acuerdo de abril de 2026 y que el sitio esté en uno de los ocho municipios.",
    "Consiga la cifra más reciente de desocupación del submercado con por lo menos 2 corredores, porque las cifras publicadas van de 1.2 a 6.0% en un año.",
    "Elija el puerto y la ruta antes que el sitio, y revise la seguridad de la carretera que van a usar los camiones, no el promedio del estado.",
    "En Colima y en la costa, haga revisar la estructura contra la zona D.",
    "Para Michoacán y Sinaloa, pídale al IMSS la serie del municipio mismo, porque los totales estatales se están moviendo."
   ]
  }
 },
 "landed": [
  {
   "en": "Parts arrive by sea at Manzanillo and then travel by truck at the same flat cost per unit to all 3 plants, although Mérida is much farther from the Pacific than Querétaro."
  },
  {
   "en": "Warehouse construction permit | 12 to 137 days (Colima fastest, Acapulco longest) | World Bank, Doing Business in Mexico 2016 |"
  }
 ],
 "images": [
  {
   "file": "colima-1.webp",
   "kind": "photo",
   "w": 1000,
   "h": 400,
   "title": "Jardín Libertad, Colima",
   "author": "Irene Soria Guzmán",
   "license": "CC BY 2.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jard%C3%ADn_Libertad,_Colima.jpg",
   "date": "2013-07-26",
   "alt": {
    "en": "Jardín Libertad in the city of Colima",
    "es": "Jardín Libertad en la ciudad de Colima"
   },
   "caption": {
    "en": "Jardín Libertad in the city of Colima",
    "es": "Jardín Libertad en la ciudad de Colima"
   }
  },
  {
   "file": "colima-2.webp",
   "kind": "photo",
   "w": 820,
   "h": 683,
   "title": "Montaje de Manzanillo",
   "author": "Montaje realizado por User:Wovedro.",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
   "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Montaje_de_Manzanillo.jpg",
   "date": "2021-12-09",
   "alt": {
    "en": "Manzanillo, Mexico's busiest container port",
    "es": "Manzanillo, el puerto de contenedores más activo de México"
   },
   "caption": {
    "en": "Manzanillo, Mexico's busiest container port",
    "es": "Manzanillo, el puerto de contenedores más activo de México"
   }
  }
 ],
 "sources": {
  "eic2025": {
   "en": "INEGI, Encuesta Intercensal 2025 (people in private dwellings; median age from the tabulates)",
   "es": "INEGI, Encuesta Intercensal 2025 (población en viviendas particulares; edad mediana de los tabulados)",
   "published": "2026-09-22",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/intercensal/2025/"
  },
  "pibe": {
   "en": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, current prices; share our arithmetic over the national 33,506,847 million pesos",
   "es": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, precios corrientes; participación: cálculo propio sobre el total nacional de 33,506,847 millones de pesos",
   "published": "2025-12-05",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/pibent/"
  },
  "etef2025": {
   "en": "INEGI, Exportaciones Trimestrales por Entidad Federativa, the four quarters of 2025 summed (our arithmetic), preliminary",
   "es": "INEGI, Exportaciones Trimestrales por Entidad Federativa, suma de los cuatro trimestres de 2025 (cálculo propio), cifras preliminares",
   "published": "2026-03-31",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/exportacionesef/"
  },
  "wiki_area": {
   "en": "Wikipedia, List of states of Mexico, citing INEGI (continental area, 2016)",
   "es": "Wikipedia, List of states of Mexico, citando al INEGI (superficie continental, 2016)",
   "published": "2026-10-22",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico"
  },
  "b6p5": {
   "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, Part V, with the sources listed there",
   "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México, quinta parte, con las fuentes que ahí se citan",
   "published": "2026-11",
   "url": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/book6/",
   "url_es": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/libro6/"
  },
  "enoe": {
   "en": "INEGI, ENOE second quarter 2026, bulletin 503/26, as compiled in Book 6, Part V",
   "es": "INEGI, ENOE segundo trimestre de 2026, boletín 503/26, según la compilación del Libro 6, quinta parte",
   "published": "2026-08-25",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2026/enoe/enoe2026_08.pdf"
  },
  "lokus": {
   "en": "IMSS open data as processed by Lokus Data (private formal jobs and average daily contribution wage; the national wage of 673.9 pesos covers all IMSS-insured workers), as compiled in Book 6",
   "es": "Datos abiertos del IMSS procesados por Lokus Data (empleo formal privado y salario diario promedio de cotización; el salario nacional de 673.9 pesos cubre a todos los asegurados del IMSS), según el Libro 6",
   "published": "2026-07",
   "url": "https://plataforma.lokusdata.com/salarios/"
  },
  "b6c17": {
   "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, chapter 17, The West, with the sources listed there",
   "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México, capítulo 17, El Occidente, con las fuentes que ahí se citan",
   "published": "2026-11",
   "url": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/book6/",
   "url_es": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/libro6/"
  },
  "etef609": {
   "en": "INEGI, quarterly state exports, bulletin 609/26, as compiled in Book 6",
   "es": "INEGI, exportaciones trimestrales por entidad federativa, boletín 609/26, según el Libro 6",
   "published": "2026-09-30",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/exportacionesef/"
  },
  "se_rnie": {
   "en": "Secretaría de Economía, foreign direct investment by state of destination, as reproduced by the Chamber of Deputies, Gaceta Parlamentaria",
   "es": "Secretaría de Economía, inversión extranjera directa por entidad de destino, reproducida por la Cámara de Diputados, Gaceta Parlamentaria",
   "published": "2026-04-14",
   "url": "https://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/66/2026/abr/Inv.Ext.Entidad_destino-20260414.pdf"
  },
  "imco": {
   "en": "IMCO, Índice de Competitividad Estatal 2026",
   "es": "IMCO, Índice de Competitividad Estatal 2026",
   "published": "2026-09-21",
   "url": "https://imco.org.mx/"
  },
  "payroll": {
   "en": "BHR, bulletin on state payroll-tax rates for 2026, as compiled in Book 6",
   "es": "BHR, boletín sobre las tasas del impuesto sobre nóminas de 2026, según el Libro 6",
   "published": "2026-01",
   "url": "https://www.bhrmx.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PRIMEROS-ESCENARIOS-ESTATALES-CON-AUMENTOS-EN-LA-TASA-DEL-ISN-PARA-2026.pdf"
  },
  "peace": {
   "en": "Institute for Economics and Peace, Mexico Peace Index 2026; USA Department of State travel advisory of 29 May 2026",
   "es": "Institute for Economics and Peace, Índice de Paz México 2026; alerta de viaje del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos del 29 de mayo de 2026",
   "published": "2026-05-29",
   "url": "https://www.visionofhumanity.org/"
  },
  "enve": {
   "en": "INEGI, ENVE 2024 (businesses victimized in 2023, per 10,000)",
   "es": "INEGI, ENVE 2024 (unidades económicas víctimas de delito en 2023, por cada 10,000)",
   "published": "2024-12-10",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enve/2024/"
  },
  "itaee": {
   "en": "INEGI, ITAEE first quarter 2026 (change on a year), from Book 6, Figure VII.18",
   "es": "INEGI, ITAEE primer trimestre de 2026 (cambio anual), del Libro 6, figura VII.18",
   "published": "2026-11",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/itaee/"
  },
  "pibe_state": {
   "en": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, the state's press release (shares at current prices, growth at constant prices; taxes on products are 100 less the three activities, our arithmetic)",
   "es": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, comunicado de la entidad (participación a precios corrientes, crecimiento a precios constantes; los impuestos a los productos son 100 menos las tres actividades: cálculo propio)",
   "published": "2025-12-05",
   "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2025/pibent/PIBE2024_12_CP_Col.pdf"
  },
  "wiki_places": {
   "en": "Wikipedia, the city, airport, port and crossing pages (EN and ES), read 3 November 2026",
   "es": "Wikipedia, páginas de ciudades, aeropuertos, puertos y cruces (en inglés y en español), consultadas el 3 de noviembre de 2026",
   "published": "2026-11-03",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico"
  },
  "wiki_identity": {
   "en": "Wikipedia and the pages listed: Colima (en); Colima (es); Universidad de Colima (es)",
   "es": "Wikipedia y las páginas citadas: Colima (en); Colima (es); Universidad de Colima (es)",
   "published": "2026-11-03",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colima"
  },
  "b6c12": {
   "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, chapter 12, The Landed Cost and Time to Production, State by State",
   "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México, capítulo 12, el costo puesto en planta y el tiempo a producción, estado por estado",
   "published": "2026-11",
   "url": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/book6/",
   "url_es": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/libro6/"
  }
 }
}