{ "schema": "rutanamex.state.v1", "company": "CONSULTING (Rutanamex)", "built_by": "261103 COS120B", "checked": "2026-11-03", "code": "14", "iso": "MX-JAL", "slug": "jalisco", "name": { "en": "Jalisco", "es": "Jalisco" }, "capital": "Guadalajara", "accent": "#7BD389", "corridor": { "chapter": 17, "en": "The West", "es": "El Occidente", "with": [ "MX-COL", "MX-MIC", "MX-NAY", "MX-SIN" ], "colour": "#7BD389", "book": { "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, chapter 17", "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México (capítulo 17)" } }, "tagline": { "en": "Jalisco is Mexico's fourth-largest economy and its fifth-largest exporter.", "es": "Jalisco es la cuarta economía más grande de México y el quinto exportador." }, "read": { "en": "Jalisco suits a company that needs engineers more than operators and ships light goods by air, and suits less well one needing a large block of power soon or the lowest operator wage.", "es": "Jalisco le conviene a una empresa que necesita más ingenieros que operadores y embarca bienes ligeros por avión, y le conviene menos a una que necesita pronto un bloque grande de electricidad o el salario de operador más bajo." }, "figures": [ { "key": "population", "value": 8633761, "unit": "people in private dwellings", "period": "2025", "src": "eic2025" }, { "key": "median_age", "value": 31.5, "unit": "years", "period": "2025", "src": "eic2025" }, { "key": "gdp_share", "value": 7.55, "unit": "% of national output", "period": "2024", "src": "pibe", "derived": true }, { "key": "exports_2025", "value": 52727.8, "unit": "million US$", "period": "2025", "src": "etef2025", "derived": true }, { "key": "formal_jobs", "value": 2058578, "unit": "private formal jobs", "period": "2026-07", "src": "lokus", "change_pct": 0.94 }, { "key": "informality", "value": 46.5, "unit": "% of the employed", "period": "Q2 2026", "src": "enoe", "national": 55.1 }, { "key": "area_km2", "value": 78595.9, "unit": "km2", "period": "2016", "src": "wiki_area" }, { "key": "unemployment", "value": 2.5, "period": "2025-12", "src": "enoe" }, { "key": "daily_wage", "value": 658.55, "period": "2026-07", "src": "lokus", "national": 673.9, "rank": 10, "unit": "pesos a day" }, { "key": "exports_q2_2026", "value": 23585.1, "period": "Q2 2026", "src": "etef609", "national": 195260.7, "rank": 2, "change_pct": 130.8, "unit": "million US$" }, { "key": "fdi_2025", "value": 1256.2, "period": "2025", "src": "se_rnie", "national": 40870.8, "rank": 7, "unit": "million US$" }, { "key": "imco_rank", "value": 6, "period": "2026", "src": "imco", "rank": 6, "change": -2 }, { "key": "payroll_tax", "value": 3.0, "period": "2026", "src": "payroll", "unit": "% of payroll" }, { "key": "mpi_rank", "value": 15, "period": "2026", "src": "peace", "rank": 15 }, { "key": "advisory_level", "value": 3, "period": "2026-05", "src": "peace" }, { "key": "business_crime", "value": 2595, "period": "2023", "src": "enve", "national": 2722 }, { "key": "activity_q1_2026", "value": -1.1, "unit": "% change on a year", "period": "Q1 2026", "src": "itaee" }, { "key": "immex_plants", "value": 419, "unit": "IMMEX establishments", "period": "2026-04", "src": "immex", "prev": 419 }, { "key": "immex_workers", "value": 239428, "unit": "people employed", "period": "2026-04", "src": "immex", "prev": 226891 } ], "sectors": { "period": "2024", "src": "pibe_state", "parts": [ { "en": "Services", "es": "Servicios", "pct": 58.2, "growth": 1.8 }, { "en": "Industry: manufacturing, construction, energy, mining", "es": "Industria: manufactura, construcción, energía, minería", "pct": 27.1, "growth": -1.4 }, { "en": "Agriculture, livestock, fishing", "es": "Agricultura, ganadería, pesca", "pct": 7.6, "growth": 2.5 }, { "en": "Taxes on products, net", "es": "Impuestos netos a los productos", "pct": 7.1, "derived": true } ] }, "places": [ { "kind": "city", "name": "Guadalajara", "lat": 20.67639, "lon": -103.34222, "es_name": "Guadalajara", "en": "The capital: 1,385,629 people (2020)", "es": "La capital: 1,385,629 habitantes (2020)", "src": "wiki_places", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" }, { "kind": "city", "name": "Zapopan", "lat": 20.72056, "lon": -103.38833, "es_name": "Zapopan", "en": "City: 1,476,491 people (2020)", "es": "Ciudad: 1,476,491 habitantes (2020)", "src": "wiki_places", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" }, { "kind": "city", "name": "Tlaquepaque", "lat": 20.63861, "lon": -103.30722, "es_name": "Tlaquepaque", "en": "City: 650,123 people (2020)", "es": "Ciudad: 650,123 habitantes (2020)", "src": "wiki_places", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" }, { "kind": "airport", "name": "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport", "es_name": "Aeropuerto Internacional Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla", "code": "GDL", "lat": 20.52167, "lon": -103.31111, "en": "International airport (GDL) · 18,773,673 passengers in 2025", "es": "Aeropuerto internacional (GDL) · 18,773,673 pasajeros en 2025", "src": "wiki_places", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Airport" }, { "kind": "airport", "name": "Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport", "es_name": "Aeropuerto Internacional Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz", "code": "PVR", "lat": null, "lon": null, "en": "International airport (PVR) · 6,957,392 passengers in 2025", "es": "Aeropuerto internacional (PVR) · 6,957,392 pasajeros en 2025", "src": "wiki_places", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta_International_Airport" }, { "kind": "rail", "name": "Ferromex (with Ferrosur; 12,100 km combined)", "en": "Rail line serving the state", "es": "Línea de ferrocarril que sirve al estado", "src": "wiki_places", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromex" }, { "kind": "power", "name": "Power and water", "es_name": "Electricidad y agua", "en": "State energy authorities put the electricity deficit at 35% to 40% in June 2026. Lake Chapala stood at 65.97% of capacity on June 28, 2026.", "es": "Las autoridades estatales de energía situaron el déficit eléctrico entre 35 y 40% en junio de 2026. El lago de Chapala estaba al 65.97% de su capacidad el 28 de junio de 2026.", "src": "b6p5" }, { "kind": "logistics", "name": "Logistics and crossings", "es_name": "Logística y cruces", "en": "Guadalajara’s airport is second in Mexico for cargo (Discovery CRE, August 2026), and high-technology freight moves mostly by air.", "es": "El aeropuerto de Guadalajara es el segundo de México en carga (Discovery CRE, agosto de 2026), y la carga de alta tecnología se mueve sobre todo por avión.", "src": "b6p5" }, { "kind": "park", "name": "Development pole", "es_name": "Polo de desarrollo", "en": "No federal development pole has been declared here.", "es": "Aquí no se ha declarado ningún polo de desarrollo federal.", "src": "b6p5" } ], "investors": [ { "name": "C3 AI", "date": "2026-05", "en": "A vendor called Guadalajara in September 2026 the place where most of Mexico’s AI servers are made, and enterprise AI company C3 AI announced a development center there in May 2026, aiming to hire up to 1,000 software developers.", "es": "Un proveedor llamó en septiembre de 2026 a Guadalajara el lugar donde se fabrica la mayoría de los servidores de inteligencia artificial de México, y la empresa de inteligencia artificial empresarial C3 AI anunció en mayo de 2026 un centro de desarrollo ahí con la meta de contratar hasta 1,000 desarrolladores de software.", "src": "b6c17" }, { "name": "Flex", "date": "2024-11", "en": "Flex announced in November 2024 an $86 million investment in Jalisco for 2025, with 2,000 jobs, according to Mexico Industry, citing confidence in the state and the continuity of public policy.", "es": "Flex anunció en noviembre de 2024 una inversión de 86 millones de dólares en Jalisco para 2025 con 2,000 empleos, según Mexico Industry, y citó la confianza en el estado y la continuidad de la política pública.", "src": "b6c17" } ], "text": { "identity": { "en": "Guadalajara reached its present site in 1542 after moving four times, and its university's official founding dates to 1792. Tequila takes its name from a town northwest of the capital; it is made from blue agave grown in a small region of Jalisco, and the agave fields of the Tequila Valley are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tonalá became the centre of ceramic production because of its abundant raw materials, and mariachi is thought to have originated in Cocula. Guadalajara's industry rests especially on electronics. The 2020 census counted 8,348,151 residents. In 2010 Huichol, with 18,409 speakers, was the most common Indigenous language, and the Wixárika communities are concentrated in Mezquitic and Bolaños in the north of the state.", "es": "Jalisco se fundó como estado el 16 de junio de 1823, y Guadalajara es su capital desde 1560. El tequila tiene su origen en estas tierras, y el Museo Nacional del Tequila está en la ciudad que le da nombre. La cerámica de Tlaquepaque y Tonalá, el mariachi y el traje de charro forman parte de su identidad. Entre sus cultivos están el maíz, el sorgo, el frijol, la caña de azúcar, el aguacate y el limón agrio. Los wixaritari, concentrados en municipios del norte como Mezquitic y Bolaños, son el grupo étnico más conocido y numeroso del estado. El censo de 2020 contó 8,348,151 habitantes. La Universidad de Guadalajara se fundó oficialmente en 1792, y el ITESO, jesuita, en 1957." }, "industry": { "en": "Five of the world’s largest electronics contract manufacturers operate here (APIEJ, July 2026). It held 7.6% of IMMEX employment in July 2026 (INEGI).", "es": "Cinco de los mayores fabricantes por contrato de electrónica del mundo operan aquí (APIEJ, julio de 2026). Tenía el 7.6% del empleo IMMEX en julio de 2026 (INEGI)." }, "people": { "en": "Jalisco had 2,058,578 IMSS-insured workers in July 2026, up 0.94% in a year (IIEG, state statistics). The state economy secretariat reported 2.5% unemployment and 46.9% informality at the close of 2025, against 55.41 nationally.", "es": "Jalisco tenía 2,058,578 trabajadores asegurados en el IMSS en julio de 2026, 0.94% más en un año (IIEG, estadística estatal). La secretaría de economía del estado reportó 2.5% de desempleo y 46.9% de informalidad al cierre de 2025, frente a 55.41 nacional." }, "wages": { "en": "Lokus Data’s average daily IMSS contribution wage was 658.55 pesos in July 2026, tenth of 32, against a national 673.9.", "es": "El salario base de cotización promedio diario del IMSS de Lokus Data fue de 658.55 pesos en julio de 2026, el décimo de 32, frente a 673.9 nacional." }, "security": { "en": "INEGI counted 2,595 businesses victimized per 10,000 in 2023, against 2,722 nationally, yet 78.0% of adults in Guadalajara felt unsafe in June 2026. The Mexico Peace Index 2026 ranks it 15th; the May 29, 2026, USA advisory sets it at Level 3.", "es": "El INEGI contó 2,595 unidades económicas víctimas de delito por cada 10,000 en 2023, frente a 2,722 nacional, pero el 78.0% de los adultos de Guadalajara se sentía inseguro en junio de 2026. El Índice de Paz México 2026 lo coloca en el lugar 15; la alerta de viaje de Estados Unidos del 29 de mayo de 2026 le asigna el nivel 3." }, "government": { "en": "The 2026 payroll tax is 3.0% (BHR). An April 2026 agreement cut industrial-park permits in 8 municipalities from about 700 working days to 200. IMCO ranked Jalisco sixth in competitiveness in 2026.", "es": "El impuesto sobre nóminas de 2026 es de 3.0% (BHR). Un acuerdo de abril de 2026 redujo los permisos de parques industriales de cerca de 700 días hábiles a 200 en 8 municipios. El IMCO colocó a Jalisco en sexto lugar en competitividad en 2026." }, "suits": { "en": "Guadalajara suits electronics, contract manufacturing, AI servers, semiconductor design and test, software, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and distribution to Mexican consumers; Tetakawi called it, in 2022, the distribution hub for the Mexican market. A company that needs engineers more than operators, ships light, high-value goods by air, or brings components across the Pacific will find more of what it needs here than anywhere else in Mexico. It suits a company less well if it needs a large block of power soon, a very large building quickly, or the lowest operator wage.", "es": "Guadalajara le conviene a la electrónica, la manufactura por contrato, los servidores de inteligencia artificial, el diseño y la prueba de semiconductores, el software, los dispositivos médicos, la farmacéutica y la distribución al consumidor mexicano; Tetakawi la llamó, en 2022, el centro de distribución del mercado mexicano. Una empresa que necesita más ingenieros que operarios, que embarca por avión mercancía ligera y valiosa o que trae componentes a través del Pacífico va a encontrar aquí más de lo que necesita que en cualquier otro lugar de México. Le conviene menos a una empresa que necesita pronto un gran bloque de electricidad, una nave muy grande rápido o el salario de operario más bajo." }, "check": { "en": [ "Start with power: ask CFE in writing what it can connect at the candidate park and when, and ask whether the park self-supplies.", "Confirm that the developer is certified under the April 2026 agreement and that the site sits in one of the 8 municipalities.", "Get the latest vacancy figure for the submarket from at least 2 brokers, because published figures vary from 1.2% to 6.0% within a year.", "Choose the port and the route before the site, and check the security of the highway the trucks will use, not the state average.", "In Colima and on the coast, have the structure checked against zone D.", "For Michoacán and Sinaloa, ask IMSS for the series in the municipality itself, because state totals are moving." ], "es": [ "Sea una empresa mexicana que abre su segunda planta o una que llega de fuera, empiece por la electricidad: pregúntele a la CFE por escrito qué puede conectar en el parque candidato y cuándo, y pregunte si el parque se autoabastece.", "Confirme que el desarrollador esté certificado con el acuerdo de abril de 2026 y que el sitio esté en uno de los ocho municipios.", "Consiga la cifra más reciente de desocupación del submercado con por lo menos 2 corredores, porque las cifras publicadas van de 1.2 a 6.0% en un año.", "Elija el puerto y la ruta antes que el sitio, y revise la seguridad de la carretera que van a usar los camiones, no el promedio del estado.", "En Colima y en la costa, haga revisar la estructura contra la zona D.", "Para Michoacán y Sinaloa, pídale al IMSS la serie del municipio mismo, porque los totales estatales se están moviendo." ] } }, "landed": [ { "en": "The same method puts Mexico City’s labor line above Monterrey’s and Jalisco’s below it." }, { "en": "Class A asking rents from Datoz, cited by American Industries Group for the first quarter of 2026 and converted from square feet, ran from about $5.49 a square meter in Guanajuato and 6.03 in Querétaro to about 7.21 in Monterrey, Saltillo and Guadalajara." }, { "en": "Under CFE’s GDMTH tariff for large medium-voltage users, published for March 2026, the energy charge at peak hours ran from about 1.09 pesos a kilowatt-hour in the Baja California division and about 1.53 in Golfo Norte, which serves Nuevo León, and Noroeste, to 1.71 in Norte, 1.85 in Jalisco, 1.93 in Valle de México Norte, 1.94 in the Bajío, and 2.13 in the Peninsular division." }, { "en": "Its case studies, which it doesn’t verify, give 9 months in Guadalajara, 12 in Querétaro and 14 for a build-to-suit in Monterrey." } ], "images": [ { "file": "jalisco-1.webp", "kind": "photo", "w": 1000, "h": 400, "title": "Panorámica Guadalajara desde edificio Bansi hacia norte (cropped)", "author": "Isacdaavid", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Guadalajara_desde_edificio_Bansi_hacia_norte_(cropped).jpg", "date": "2021-03-08", "alt": { "en": "Guadalajara, looking north", "es": "Guadalajara, vista al norte" }, "caption": { "en": "Guadalajara, looking north", "es": "Guadalajara, vista al norte" } }, { "file": "jalisco-2.webp", "kind": "photo", "w": 820, "h": 446, "title": "Streets of Tequila 664424236 (cropped)", "author": "Gabriel Saldana", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0", "source": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Streets_of_Tequila_664424236_(cropped).jpg", "date": "2013-03-29", "alt": { "en": "A street in Tequila", "es": "Una calle de Tequila" }, "caption": { "en": "A street in Tequila", "es": "Una calle de Tequila" } } ], "sources": { "eic2025": { "en": "INEGI, Encuesta Intercensal 2025 (people in private dwellings; median age from the tabulates)", "es": "INEGI, Encuesta Intercensal 2025 (población en viviendas particulares; edad mediana de los tabulados)", "published": "2026-09-22", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/intercensal/2025/" }, "pibe": { "en": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, current prices; share our arithmetic over the national 33,506,847 million pesos", "es": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, precios corrientes; participación: cálculo propio sobre el total nacional de 33,506,847 millones de pesos", "published": "2025-12-05", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/pibent/" }, "etef2025": { "en": "INEGI, Exportaciones Trimestrales por Entidad Federativa, the four quarters of 2025 summed (our arithmetic), preliminary", "es": "INEGI, Exportaciones Trimestrales por Entidad Federativa, suma de los cuatro trimestres de 2025 (cálculo propio), cifras preliminares", "published": "2026-03-31", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/exportacionesef/" }, "wiki_area": { "en": "Wikipedia, List of states of Mexico, citing INEGI (continental area, 2016)", "es": "Wikipedia, List of states of Mexico, citando al INEGI (superficie continental, 2016)", "published": "2026-10-22", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" }, "b6p5": { "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, Part V, with the sources listed there", "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México, quinta parte, con las fuentes que ahí se citan", "published": "2026-11", "url": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/book6/", "url_es": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/libro6/" }, "enoe": { "en": "INEGI, ENOE second quarter 2026, bulletin 503/26, as compiled in Book 6, Part V", "es": "INEGI, ENOE segundo trimestre de 2026, boletín 503/26, según la compilación del Libro 6, quinta parte", "published": "2026-08-25", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2026/enoe/enoe2026_08.pdf" }, "lokus": { "en": "IMSS open data as processed by Lokus Data (private formal jobs and average daily contribution wage; the national wage of 673.9 pesos covers all IMSS-insured workers), as compiled in Book 6", "es": "Datos abiertos del IMSS procesados por Lokus Data (empleo formal privado y salario diario promedio de cotización; el salario nacional de 673.9 pesos cubre a todos los asegurados del IMSS), según el Libro 6", "published": "2026-07", "url": "https://plataforma.lokusdata.com/salarios/" }, "b6c17": { "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, chapter 17, The West, with the sources listed there", "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México, capítulo 17, El Occidente, con las fuentes que ahí se citan", "published": "2026-11", "url": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/book6/", "url_es": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/libro6/" }, "etef609": { "en": "INEGI, quarterly state exports, bulletin 609/26, as compiled in Book 6", "es": "INEGI, exportaciones trimestrales por entidad federativa, boletín 609/26, según el Libro 6", "published": "2026-09-30", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/exportacionesef/" }, "se_rnie": { "en": "Secretaría de Economía, foreign direct investment by state of destination, as reproduced by the Chamber of Deputies, Gaceta Parlamentaria", "es": "Secretaría de Economía, inversión extranjera directa por entidad de destino, reproducida por la Cámara de Diputados, Gaceta Parlamentaria", "published": "2026-04-14", "url": "https://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/66/2026/abr/Inv.Ext.Entidad_destino-20260414.pdf" }, "imco": { "en": "IMCO, Índice de Competitividad Estatal 2026", "es": "IMCO, Índice de Competitividad Estatal 2026", "published": "2026-09-21", "url": "https://imco.org.mx/" }, "payroll": { "en": "BHR, bulletin on state payroll-tax rates for 2026, as compiled in Book 6", "es": "BHR, boletín sobre las tasas del impuesto sobre nóminas de 2026, según el Libro 6", "published": "2026-01", "url": "https://www.bhrmx.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/PRIMEROS-ESCENARIOS-ESTATALES-CON-AUMENTOS-EN-LA-TASA-DEL-ISN-PARA-2026.pdf" }, "peace": { "en": "Institute for Economics and Peace, Mexico Peace Index 2026; USA Department of State travel advisory of 29 May 2026", "es": "Institute for Economics and Peace, Índice de Paz México 2026; alerta de viaje del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos del 29 de mayo de 2026", "published": "2026-05-29", "url": "https://www.visionofhumanity.org/" }, "enve": { "en": "INEGI, ENVE 2024 (businesses victimized in 2023, per 10,000)", "es": "INEGI, ENVE 2024 (unidades económicas víctimas de delito en 2023, por cada 10,000)", "published": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enve/2024/" }, "itaee": { "en": "INEGI, ITAEE first quarter 2026 (change on a year), from Book 6, Figure VII.18", "es": "INEGI, ITAEE primer trimestre de 2026 (cambio anual), del Libro 6, figura VII.18", "published": "2026-11", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/itaee/" }, "immex": { "en": "IIEG Jalisco, ficha IMMEX Jalisco abril 2026 (INEGI data); report dated 2026-06-24", "es": "IIEG Jalisco, ficha IMMEX Jalisco abril 2026 (INEGI data); report dated 2026-06-24", "published": "2026-07-01", "url": "https://iieg.gob.mx/ns/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/ficha_industria_manufacturera_maquiladora_exportacion_immex_jalisco_abril_2026.pdf" }, "pibe_state": { "en": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, the state's press release (shares at current prices, growth at constant prices; taxes on products are 100 less the three activities, our arithmetic)", "es": "INEGI, PIB por Entidad Federativa 2024, comunicado de la entidad (participación a precios corrientes, crecimiento a precios constantes; los impuestos a los productos son 100 menos las tres actividades: cálculo propio)", "published": "2025-12-05", "url": "https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2025/pibent/PIBE2024_12_CP_Jal.pdf" }, "wiki_places": { "en": "Wikipedia, the city, airport, port and crossing pages (EN and ES), read 3 November 2026", "es": "Wikipedia, páginas de ciudades, aeropuertos, puertos y cruces (en inglés y en español), consultadas el 3 de noviembre de 2026", "published": "2026-11-03", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" }, "wiki_identity": { "en": "Wikipedia and the pages listed: Jalisco (en); Jalisco (es); University of Guadalajara (en)", "es": "Wikipedia y las páginas citadas: Jalisco (en); Jalisco (es); University of Guadalajara (en)", "published": "2026-11-03", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco" }, "b6c12": { "en": "Book 6, Where to Go in Mexico, chapter 12, The Landed Cost and Time to Production, State by State", "es": "Libro 6, Dónde ubicarse en México, capítulo 12, el costo puesto en planta y el tiempo a producción, estado por estado", "published": "2026-11", "url": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/book6/", "url_es": "https://connectedcontinentspress.com/libro6/" } } }